What are two potential problems associated with irrigation in agriculture?

• A. Salinization and waterlogging of soils, and depletion of water resources
• B. Increased rainfall and soil erosion
• C. Decreased fertilizer efficiency and soil compaction
• D. Improved biodiversity and soil structure

Answer: (A)

Two key issues with irrigation are salinization and waterlogging of soils, and depletion of water resources. Salinization happens when irrigation water leaves behind salts as it evaporates or moves through the soil, especially in dry climates. Over time this salt buildup can hinder plant roots, reduce nutrient uptake, and lower yields. Waterlogging occurs when irrigation is excessive or drainage is poor, causing the water table to rise and soil to stay saturated. Roots lose oxygen, leading to stunted growth or crop death. At the same time, irrigation can use large amounts of freshwater, pulling water from rivers, lakes, or underground aquifers and reducing availability for other needs and ecosystems. The other options describe effects that aren’t typical problems of irrigation—such as increased rainfall or positive outcomes like better biodiversity and soil structure—so they don’t fit as the main concerns.